Dr. Mohammed Rachidi received his PhD/ Doctorate Degree in Human and Molecular Genetics (with High Honors) at the prestigious ''Pasteur Institute'' (Paris, France), in the Department of Molecular and Cellular Genetics headed by the Professor François JACOB (Nobel Prize in Physiology/Medicine), where he studied the Cellular & Molecular Mechanisms underlying Brain Morphogenesis, Visual System development, CaMKinases & Biological Clock Function in Drosophila. Dr. Rachidi extended these Molecular Genetics works to Functional Genomics at Pasteur Institute and at Center National of Research Scientific CNRS and played key fundamental roles in different collaborative research projects with prestigious laboratories in Europe, Japan & United States. Remarkably, Dr. Rachidi collaborated with the Professor Michael ROSBASH (Nobel Prize in Physiology/Medicine 2017) in the Molecular Mechanisms of 2 genes involved in Circadian Clock.  Dr. Rachidi published with Professor ROSBASH this important work in the EMBO Journal Entitled : ''A New Gene encoding a putative Transcritpion Factor Regulated by the Drosophila Circadian Clock''. Postdoctoral training & Assistant Professor with Professor Nicole LeDOUARIN at the prestigious ''College De France'' & Institute of Cellular & Molecular Embryology (Paris), Dr. Rachidi studied some Chicken & Xenopus molecules acting in Bone Morphogenetic Protein BMP signaling pathways and identified their Mouse & Human homologs involved in differentiation of specific domains of neuronal progenitors, in cerebellum development and Joubert syndrome (a form of cerebellar ataxia). These experiences of Dr. Rachidi in the Molecular Genetics and in several Animal Models were extended to Human Molecular Genetics of Down syndrome (DS) & to Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms underlying Brain morphogenesis of Trisomic & Transgenic Mouse Models of DS and also of numerous stages of Embryonic & Fetal DS patients to elucidate the Neurogenetic Basis of Functional alterations Associated with Mental Retardation. Director of Research in Human Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine University Paris 5 (France), with High Honours for Notable Scientific Research Contributions, Breakthroughs & Discoveries in Drosophila & Mouse & Human Molecular Genetics & Neurosciences, Dr. Rachidi has vast experiences with different Research Interests in Modern Molecular Genetics, Neuroscience & Biomedical Research. Dr. Rachidi realized numerous ''Discoveries and Innovations'' to name a few:  (1) - Discovery of Quantitative Assessment of Gene [removed]QAGE) as a New Method in situ detecting Differential Overexpression of Candidate Genes for Mental Retardation in Down syndrome Brain Regions & for Other Diseases caused by Regionalized Quantitative Transcriptional Alterations for greater interpretation of functional processes driving gene expression. (2) - Discovery of New Cerebellar & Cerebral Phenotypes in Transgenic mouse in vivo Library of Human Down syndrome Critical Region. (3) - Discovery of a Novel Light Microscopy Technology as Powerful Tool in Developmental Biology & Biomedical & Neuroscience Research. (4) - Discovery of New Genes involved in Brain Morphogenesis & in Visual System development; in Biological Clock; in Learning & Memory and in Mental Retardation in Down syndrome & Joubert syndrome. (5) - Discovery of the First Proposed Model of Molecular and Cellular Mechanism Elucidating Neurogenetic and Neurocognitive Basis of Functional Impairments Associated with Mental Retardation in Down syndrome: in this Model Gene Dosage Effects on transcriptional variations and the nature of gene products and their functional relationships are explained with the different aspects of neuronal differentiation. Dr. Rachidi published numerous articles in highly Prestigious International Journals with High Impact Factor like EMBO, Genomics, DNA Research, Gene, Mechanisms of Development, Cytogenetics & Genome Research, Neuroscience Research, International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience, Cell Tissue Research, American Journal of Intellectual Developmental Disability, European Journal of Paediatric Neurology...and in numerous journals of Elsevier & Springer. He has also authored numerous Chapters & Books. Dr. Rachidi has been honoured worldwide as Invited Distinguished Speaker, Chairman or Invited Honourable Organizing Committee Member in numerous International Conferences, Seminars & Workshops in Europe, USA & Asia. Dr Rachidi received numerous Awards & Honors and He is an Editor, Associate Editor, Executive Editor & Editor in Chief in numerous International peer-reviewed Journals.

Research Interest:

Dr. Mohammed Rachidi has vast experiences with different Research Interests in Modern Molecular Genetics, Neurosciences & Biomedical Research, to name a few : Cellular & Molecular Mechanisms underlying Brain Morphogenesis, Visual System, Biological Clock, Synaptic Protein Targeting, Synaptic Plasticity, CaMKII & CAMGUK/MAGUK, Learning and Memory. Functional Genomics & Mechanisms controlling Transposition at Cell Cycle. Transcription, Protein Translation & Virus-Like Particle Formation. Bone Morphogenetic Protein BMP signaling pathways, Mouse and Human Homeobox Genes, Cell Fate Determination and Differentiation, Neuronal Progenitors in Cerebellum development and Joubert syndrome. Trisomy 21, Intellectual Disability, Candidate Genes, Expression studies, Genotype-Phenotype Associations, Trisomic and Transgenic Mouse Models of Down syndrome, Neurogenetic and Neurocognitive Basis of Functional Impairments Associated with Intellectual Disability.  Drosophila & Mouse & Human.

List of Publications:

- Rachidi, M. (2019). Pharmacotherapeutic Challenges for Rescuing Mental Retardation and Improving Brain Function in Down Syndrome.  Biophamaceutics and Therapeutic Challenges, 2019, (In Press).

- Rachidi, M. (2018). The Genetic Dosage Imbalance Linked to Clinical Brain Alterations and Mental Disability in Down syndrome could be Targeted for Therapeutics Development.
Medical Journal of Clinical Trials and Case studies. 2018, 2 (5): 000150.

- Rachidi, M. (2018). The Molecular Pathogenesis of Down Syndrome-Associated Diseases and the Promising Potential Therapeutic Targets.
Clinical and Medical Investigations, 2018, Vol. 3(1), 1-2.

- Rachidi, M. (2018). Trisomy of Chromosome 21 provides a Genetic Model for the Role of Aneuploidy in Cell Cycle Alterations, Leukemia, Tumors and Cancer   (In Press).

- Rachidi, M. (2016). Neurogenetic Disorders of Down Syndrome and Potential Pharmacotherapies for Mental Retardation.
American Journal of Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery, 2016, Vol. 2, No. 4, 2016, pp. 45-49.

- Rachidi, M. (2015). Towards the Identification of Genetic Targets for Therapeutics of Intellectual Disability in Down syndrome.
J.J. Cenetics, 2015.

- Rachidi, M. and Lopes, C. (2013).  Mental Retardation and Human Chromosome 21 Gene Overdosage: From Functional Genomics and Molecular Mechanisms towards Prevention and Treatment of the Neuropathogenesis of Down Syndrome.
Handbook of Neurochemistry and Molecular Neurobiology. In Genomics, Proteomics, and the Nervous System, Advances in Neurobiology, Springer Publishers 3rd Ed 2013.

- Rachidi M., Tetaria C., Lopes C. (2011). “Cell cycle alteration in Down syndrome”. In Berhardt LV. (Ed.), Advances in Medicine and Biology, 2011, Vol. 20. Nova Science Publisher.

- Rachidi, M. and Lopes, C. (2010). Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms Elucidating the Neurocognitive Basis of Functional Impairments Associated with Intellectual Disability in Down syndrome.
American Journal of  Intellectual Developmental Disabilities, 2010; 115., 83-112.

- Rachidi, M. and Lopes, C. (2010). Cell Cycle Alteration in Down syndrome.
International Journal of Medical and Biological Frontiers, 2010, Volume 16, Issue 3/4,  Nova Science Publishers.

- Rachidi, M. and Lopes, C. (2009). Gene Expression Regulation in Down syndrome: Dosage Imbalance Effects at Transcriptome and Proteome Levels. Handbook of Down syndrome Research, Edition Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2009, 55-87

- Rachidi, M., Delezoide, A-L., Delabar, J.M. and Lopes, C. (2009). A quantitative assessment of gene [removed]QAGE) reveals differential overexpression of DOPEY2, a candidate gene for mental retardation, in Down syndrome brain regions.
International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience, 2009, 27, 393-398.

- Rachidi, M., Tetaria, C., and Lopes, C. (2008). Trisomy of Human Chromosome 21 and Cell Cycle Control. In Leroy NH., Fournier NT. (Eds.): Cell Cycle Control: New Research, Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2008, 159-189.

- Rachidi, M. and Lopes, C. (2008). Mental retardation and associated neurological dysfunctions in Down syndrome: a consequence of dysregulation in critical chromosome 21 genes and associated molecular pathways.
European Journal of Paediatric Neurology, 2008, 12, 168-182.

- Rachidi, M. and Lopes, C. (2008). Molecular Mechanisms of Mental Retardation in Down syndrome. Rachidi, M. and Lopes, C. (Editors), Nova Biomedical Book: Edition Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2008, pp 1-94.

- Rachidi, M., Lopes, C.; C Vayssettes, D J. Smith, E M Rubin, J.M Delabar. (2007). New Cerebellar Phenotypes in YAC Transgenic mouse in vivo Library of Human Down syndrome Critical Region 1.
Biochemical Biophysical Research Communications, 2007, 364(3), 488-494.

- Rachidi, M. and Lopes, C. (2007). Molecular Mechanisms of Mental Retardation in Down Syndrome. In Carson MI. (Ed.): Focus on Mental Retardation Research. Nova Science Publishers, Inc. 2007, pp. 77-134.

- Rachidi, M. and Lopes, C. (2007). Mental retardation in Down syndrome: From gene dosage imbalance to molecular and cellular mechanisms.
Neuroscience Research, 2007, 59(4), 349-369.

- Rachidi, M. and Lopes, C. (2006). Differential transcription of Barhl1 homeobox gene in restricted functional domains of the central nervous system suggests a role in brain patterning.
International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience, 2006, 24(1), 35-44.

- Rachidi, M., Lopes, C., Delezoide, A.L. and Delabar, J.M. (2006). C21orf5, a human candidate gene for brain abnormalities and mental retardation in Down Syndrome.
Cytogenetics and Genome Research, 2006, 112(1-2), 16-22.

- Lopes, C., Delezoide, A.L., Delabar, J.M. and Rachidi, M. (2006). BARHL1 homeogene, the human ortholog of the mouse Barhl1 involved in cerebellum development, shows regional and cellular specificities in restricted domains of developing human central nervous system.
Biochemical Biophysical Research Communications, 2006, 339, 296-304.

- Rachidi, M., Lopes, C., Costantine, M. and Delabar J.M. (2005). C21orf5, a new member of dopey family involved in morphogenesis, could participate to neurological alterations and mental retardation in Down syndrome.
DNA Research, 2005, 12, 203-210.

- Rachidi, M., Lopes, C., Charron, G., Delezoide, AL., Paly, E., Bloch, B. and Delabar, JM. (2005). Spatial and temporal localization during embryonic and fetal human development of the transcription factor SIM2 in brain regions altered in Down syndrome.
International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience, 2005, 23, 475-484.

- Rachidi, M., Lopes, C., Benichou, J.C., Hellio, R. and Maisonhaute, C. (2005). Virus-like particle formation in Drosophila melanogaster germ cells suggests a complex translational regulation of the retrotransposon cycle and new mechanisms inhibiting transposition.
Cytogenetics and Genome Research, 2005, 111(1), 88-95.

- Lopes, C., Chettouh, Z., Delabar, J.M. and Rachidi, M. (2003). The differentially expressed C21orf5 gene in the medial temporal-lobe system could play a role in mental retardation in Down syndrome and transgenic mice. Biochemical Biophysical Research Communications, 2003, 305, 915-924.

- Takamatsu, Y., *Nakagoshi, H., *Rachidi, M., Lopes, C. Nishida, Y. and Ohsako, S. (2002). Characterization of the dCaMKII-GAL4 driver line whose expression is controlled by the. Drosophila Ca²+/calmodulin dependent protein kinase II promoter.
Cell Tissue Research., 2002, 310(2), 237-252.

- Lopes, C., Gassanova, S., Delabar, J.M. and Rachidi, M. (2001). The CASK/Lin-2 Drosophila Homologue, Camguk, Could Play a Role in Epithelial Patterning and in Neuronal Targeting.
Biochemical Biophysical Research Communications, 2001, 284(4), 1004-1010.

- Lopes, C., Rachidi, M., Charron, G., Chamoun, Z., Dahmane, N., Toyama, K., Chettouh, Z., Vekemans, M., Bloch, B., Delezoide, A.L. and Delabar, JM. (2001). Conservation of the CNS expression pattern of new genes from the Down syndrome chromosomal region-1: human genes and their murine orthologs.
Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics, 2001, 92(1-2), 1-22.

- Rachidi, M., Lopes, C., Gassanova, S., Sinet, P.M., Vekemans, M., Attie, T., Delezoide, A.L. and Delabar, J.M. (2000). Regional and cellular specificity of TPRD, the tetratricopeptide Down Syndrome gene, during embryonic development.
Mechanisms of Development, 2000, 93(1-2), 189-193.

- Delabar, J.M., Rachidi, M., Lopes, C., Charron, G., Chamoun, Z, Dahmane, N., Toyama, K., Chettouh, Z., Vekemans, M., Bloch, B. and Delezoide, A.L. (2000). Conservation of the CNS expression pattern of new genes from the Down Syndrome Chromosomal Region-1: Human genes and their Murine orthologs.
European Journal Neuroscience, 2000, 12(Supp 11), 297.

- Orti, R., Rachidi, M., Viallard, F., Toyama, K., Lopes, C., Taudien, S., Rosenthal, A., Sinet, P.M. and Delabar, J.M. (2000). Characterisation of a novel gene, C21orf6, mapping to a critical region of chromosome 21q22.1 involved in the monosomy 21 phenotype and its murine ortholog.
Genomics, 2000, 64(2), 203-210.

- Rahmani, Z., Lopes, C., Rachidi, M. and Delabar, J.M. (1999). Expression of the mnb (dyrk) protein in adult and embryonic mouse tissues.
European Journal of Human Genetics, 1999, 7(Supp.1), 111.

- Rachidi, M., Lopes, C., Takamatsu, Y., Ohsako, S., Benichou J.C. and Delabar, J.M. (1999). Dynamic expression pattern of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II gene in the central nervous system of Drosophila throughout development.
Biochemical Biophysical Research Communications, 1999, 260(3), 707-711.

- Lopes, C., Rachidi, M., Gassanova, S., Sinet, P.M. and Delabar, J.M. (1999). Developmentally regulated expression of mtprd, the murine ortholog of tprd, a gene from the Down syndrome chromosomal region 1.
Mechanisms of Development, 1999, 84(1-2), 189-193.

- Rahmani, Z., Lopes, C., Rachidi, M. and Delabar, J.M. (1998). Expression of the Mnb (dyrk) protein in adult and embryonic mouse tissues.
Biochemical Biophysical Research Communications,  1998, 253(2), 514-518.

- Rachidi, M., Lopes, C. and Benichou, J.C. (1997). Genetical analysis of visual system disorganizer (vid), a new gene involved in normal development of eye and optic lobe of the brain in Drosophila melanogaster. 
Genetica, 1997, 99, 31-45.

- Rachidi, M., Lopes, C., Benichou, J.C. and Rouyer, F. (1997). Analyse of period circadian expression in the Drosophila head by in situ hybridization. Journal of Neurogenetics, 1997, 11, 255-263.

- Rouyer, F., Rachidi, M., Pikielny, C. and Rosbash, M. (1997). A new gene encoding a putative transcritpion factor regulated by the Drosophila circadian clock.
EMBO Journal, 1997, 16(13), 3944-3954.

- Haoudi, A., Rachidi, M., Kim, M.H., Champion, S., Best-Belpomme, M. and Maisonhaute, C. (1997). Developmental expression analysis of the 1731 retrotransposon reveals an enhancement of Gag-Pol frameshifting in males of Drosophila melanogaster.
Gene, 1997, 196 (1-2), 83-93.

- Fassouane, A., Rachidi, M., Rouffaud, M.A., El-Abbouyi, A. and Nguyen, V.H. (1995). In vitro antifungal activity of Bacillus licheniformis FSJ-2 products against dermatophytes.
Journal of Mycology and Medicine, 1995, 5, 244-248.

- Rachidi, M. (1993). The Drosophila visual system: An elaborated building and a powerful model for developmental studies. Biomatec Journal, 1993, 4-5, 2-8.